Common or Brown Centipede

When disturbed the Common or Brown Centipede runs rapidly for cover.

Species introduction

At a glance
Latin name: 
Lithobius forficatus
Family: 
Centipedes
Family Latin name: 
LITHOBIIDAE
Category: 
Invertebrates

Species description

Species description

There are few green spaces where this active carnivore will not be found as it is a widespread myriapod species.  When disturbed it runs rapidly for cover.

Species photographs

Larger photograph(s) (click to magnify)

Details

Species family information

This family is one of the stone centipede families, and its members are important upper soil layer and leaf litter predators.

Category information

Centipedes, millipedes, and their kin are collectively called myriapods. Centipedes are carnivores, and have one pair of jointed legs per body segment, which never have 100 segments, but vary from 30 to 354. Millipedes have two pairs of jointed legs per body segment, up to 333 in number, and mostly feed on decaying plant material. Myriapods are arthropods and share a common ancestor with the crustacea, that includes insects, which in turn share a common ancestor with the arachnids. Arthropods have an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired, jointed appendages. They have highly developed sense organs. 84% of all species on the Earth are arthropods. Crustacea generally have two pairs of appendages (antennules and antennae) in front of the mouth and paired appendages near the mouth that function as jaws. They occupy a wide range of habitats, and many are aquatic, although the largest group in terms of number of species, the insects, are mainly terrestrial. Woodlice are common crustaceans in gardens.

Earthworms are annelids, evolving on a separate lineage to the arthropods, but they share a common ancestor with the molluscs. The Annelida is a large group of segmented worms, also called ring worms. Molluscs are a large, diverse group of invertebrates, which have unsegmented bodies enclosed within calcareous shells, and are represented in gardens mainly by terrestrial gastropods such as snails and slugs. Other molluscs, particularly the bivalves and cephalopods, are aquatic. Representatives of all these groups are found in the cemetery.

Further information

Centipedes are carnivores and will therefore have habitat preferences based on where there is suitable prey.  They are active hunters with long segmented bodies and one pair of jointed legs per body segment.  They are gardeners’ friends, being important soil predators, inflicting painful, venomous bites on their prey through a pair of pincer-like appendages under the head.  As they don’t have the waxy cuticle typical of insects and arachnids, which helps with water retention, they must stay in the moist microclimate under the ground.  There are four different groups of centipedes in the UK, which differ slightly in their anatomy but each has a head bearing mouthparts, antennae, and sometimes eyes (in two of the groups only); a segment bearing the poisonous pincers; trunk segments bearing the legs; and terminal segments with genitalia.  The number of segments and pairs of legs of the adult is valuable for identification, but the number may be less in immature individuals because centipedes, after hatching, go through a series of instar stages, with moulting, before reaching adult anatomy and colour.  We have 47 native species of centipede in the UK, plus 7 introduced species, and 3 records of doubtful authenticity.